Basic Networking Interview Questions with answer

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• When were OSI model developed and why its standard called 802.XX and so on?
• OSI model was developed in February1980 that why these also known as 802.XX Standard (Notice 80 means ==> 1980, 2means ==> February)
• What is Full form of ADS?
• Active Directory Structure
• How will you register and activate windows?
• If you have not activated windows XP, you can do so at any time by clicking the windows Activation icon in the system tray to initiate activation. Once you have activated windows XP, this icon disappears from the system tray.
• For registration
• Start ==> Run ==> regwiz /r
• Where do we use cross and standard cable?
• Computer to computer ==> cross
• Switch/hub to switch/hub ==>cross
• Computer to switch/hub ==>standard
• How many pins do serial ports have?
• In computer it's known as com port and could be available in 9pin or 25 pin. On router it have 60 pins.
• How will check ip address on 98?
• Start ==> Run ==> command ==> winipcfg
• How will you make partition after installing windows?
• My computer ==> right click ==> manage ==> disk management ==>
• select free space ==> right click ==> New partition
• What is IP?
• It's a unique 32 bits software address of a node in a network.
• What is private IP?
• Three ranges of IP addresses have been reserved for private address and they are not valid for use on the Internet. If you want to access internet with these address you must have to use proxy server or NAT server (on normal cases the role of proxy server is played by your ISP.).If you do decide to implement a private IP address range, you can use IP addresses from any of the following classes:
• Class A 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
• Class B 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255
• Class C 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
• What is public IP address?
• A public IP address is an address leased from an ISP that allows or enables direct Internet communication.
• What's the benefit of subnetting?
• Reduce the size of the routing tables.
• Reduce network traffic. Broadcast traffic can be isolated within a single logical network.
• Provide a way to secure network traffic by isolating it from the rest of the network.
• What are the differences between static ip addressing and dynamic ip addressing?
• With static IP addressing, a computer (or other device) is configured to always use the same IP address. With dynamic addressing, the IP address can change periodically and is managed by a centralized network service
• What is APIPA?
• Automatic private IP addressing (APIPA) is a feature mainly found in Microsoft operating systems. APIPA enables clients to still communicate with other computers on the same network segment until an IP address can be obtained from a DHCP server, allowing the machine to fully participate on the network. The range of these IP address are the 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254 with a default Class B subnet mask of 255.255.0.0.
• What are the LMHOSTS files?
• The LMHOSTS file is a static method of resolving NetBIOS names to IP addresses in the same way that the HOSTS file is a static method of resolving domain names into IP addresses. An LMHOSTS file is a text file that maps NetBIOS names to IP addresses; it must be manually configured and updated.
• What is DHCP scope?
• A scope is a range, or pool, of IP addresses that can be leased to DHCP clients on a given subnet.
• What is FQDN?
• An FQDN contains (fully qualified domain name) both the hostname and a domain name. It uniquely identifies a host within a DNS hierarchy
• What is the DNS forwarder?
• DNS servers often must communicate with DNS servers outside of the local network. A forwarder is an entry that is used when a DNS server receives DNS queries that it cannot resolve locally. It then forwards those requests to external DNS servers for resolution.
• Which command will you use to find out the name of the pc in networks?
• NSLOOKUP [192.168.0.1]
• [Ip of target computer]
• How will enable sound service in 2003?
• By default this service remain disable to enable this service
• Start ==> administrative tools ==> service ==> windows audio ==> start up type ==> automatic
• How will enable CD burning service in 2003?
• By default this service remain disable to enable this service
• Start ==> administrative tools ==> service ==> IMAPI CD burning com service ==> start up type ==> automatic

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Apple Awarded Patent for Hybrid VR Headset

Apple has been awarded a patent for a virtual reality headset that can use an iPhone or iPod as a display.

Patent number 8,957,835 was awarded by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to Apple for a "head-mounted display apparatus for retaining a portable electronic device with display." The abstract describes a device similar to the Gear VR, which weds a Samsung Note smartphone to a headpiece designed by Oculus.

In its description of the patent, Apple explains that the head-mounted display system would allow users to couple and decouple a portable electronic device with a head-mounted device so the two devices would temporarily act as a single unit.

The portable electronic device -- such as an iPhone -- and the head-mounting device would be able to communicate with each other, the patent explained, and each device may be allowed to extend its features and services to the other to enhance, increase and eliminate redundant functions between the devices.

Quin C. Hoellwarth is listed as the inventor on the patent, which was filed in September 2008.

Apple did not respond to a request for comment for this story.

The Hybrid Advantage

While it's possible to connect a portable device to a headset via a cable, Apple explained in its patent "a wired connection may be inconvenient and cumbersome for the user in certain situations."

"In addition to being unwieldy," it continued, "the coupled system often utilizes redundant features, which are not necessary when using the devices together. By way of example, each device utilizes a display screen, which adds cost, size, weight, and complexity to the entire system."

"Accordingly, there is a need for an improved head-mounted display system, particularly a system that temporarily integrates or merges both mechanically and electronically a head-mounted device with a portable electronic device," it added.

Currently, Samsung sells a similar hybrid VR headset for its Note 4 phablet. Priced at US$199, the Gear VR uses software written by Oculus, a VR headset maker purchased by Facebook last year for $2 billion.

One advantage a hybrid headset has over more conventional VR offerings is mobility, observed Eric Smith, an analyst in the digital consumer practice at Strategy Analytics. "It gets rid of the bulky game console or PC that one-piece headsets have to hook up to," he told TechNewsWorld.

"You're mobile," he said. "You're not tied down to something in the living room."

Realism Versus Mobility

Ross Rubin, the principal analyst with Reticle Research added, "It lets you leverage a relatively powerful processor in the smartphone that's mobile so you can enjoy the VR environment anywhere."

There are other advantages, too. "Because it's a connected device," Rubin told TechNewsWorld, "you can bring in things relevant to where you are or what time it is or engage in real-time communication with people around you."

As powerful as the processors in top-of-the-line smartphones are, they still pale in comparison to the chips in gaming systems or PCs, he noted. "The realism of the experience may not be as strong as it is with the Oculus Rift or Sony Morpheus," Rubin said, "but what you give up in power and quality of experience, you make up for in mobility and accessibility in terms of price."

"Since we've seen so much gaming go mobile," Rubin continued, "this is chance for game developers to take advantage of virtual reality without having to develop for a PC or PS4."

That could take some time, though, noted Smith, of Strategy Analytics. "It's going to take awhile for developers to get their minds around developing for VR and finding the one or two killer apps that will drive the experience forward," he said.

Hybrids Gaining Acceptance

At this point in their development, hybrids headsets like the one described in Apple's patent and the Gear VR sold by Samsung are very similar.

"It's such low tech," observed Brian Blau, a research director at Gartner. "Some may be more comfortable than others, some connect to only certain devices."

"They're probably going to try and differentiate on smartphone apps," he told TechNewsWorld, "and some will issue their own APIs so developers can build things for them."

Even in their current nascent form, Blau does see the acceptance of hybrid headsets growing. "These devices are going to become popular," he said. "They're going to range from very cheap or free to a more sophisticated accessory."

"Because of what they are," he continued, "they're not going to be as good as a more native virtual reality experience. I'm not saying they're going to be bad. They're just not going to be equivalent to their wired counterparts."

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Azure Machine Learning Aims to Convert Data to Information

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Microsoft on Wednesday announced new data services running on its Azure cloud in what it has positioned as a bid to bring big data to the mainstream.

Those services include the HDInsight Apache Hadoop-based service; Storm on HDInsight, which lets users use Hadoop and Storm to create distributed, real-time data processing solutions in Azure; and Azure Machine Learning, a managed cloud service for advanced analytics.

Azure Machine Learning lets users build and deploy apps and conduct predictive analyses, among other things.

Those tasks are facilitated by the Machine Learning Marketplace, or MLM, which offers analytics services, algorithms and APIs users can plug into their solutions.

Microsoft also has signed up several partners for Azure, such as Informatica and Ziosk.

"The Azure solution is much more intuitive than existing network and platform management solutions, especially for nontechnical people," noted Jim McGregor, principal analyst at Tirias Research.

Microsoft and Machine Learning

Azure Machine Learning can be set up using a Web browser. Users make drag-and-drop gestures and create simple flow graphs to set up experiments.

Users can pull sample experiments, packages written in R and Python, and best-in-class algorithms from Xbox and Bing -- or they can write their own custom code in R or Python.

Algorithms such as "Learning with Counts" let users learn from terabytes of data on Microsoft's servers.

Users can easily update the models they build and return them to production. They can share their solutions with the Azure Machine Learning community in the product gallery, or monetize and brand them for sale in the Azure MLM.

Big Data, Machine Learning and Microsoft

Machine learning comes from intelligent recognition of patterns by complex algorithms. Those algorithms have to work on large datasets, so big data "is critical" to machine learning, McGregor told TechNewsWorld.

However, Microsoft's machine learning "seems more like object-oriented design than machine learning," he pointed out.

"While there is no set definition as to what level of intelligence constitutes machine learning, the Azure solution appears to stretch the term beyond what most would consider true machine-level intelligence," McGregor said, because the algorithms appear to really be networking models.

Microsoft "alludes to learning through data analytics, but doesn't provide any details," McGregor remarked.

Nevertheless, Microsoft's tools let users "quickly and easily define and configure cloud-based resources without the need of dedicated IT personnel," he pointed out. Viewed that way, Microsoft offers "a very interesting and useful platform."

However, those tools don't eliminate reliance on IT staff, because IT professionals would be needed to configure solutions effectively, McGregor cautioned, especially when custom code is required.

Transforming Data Into Information

The next wave of IT is going to be information technology, where people will work interactively with their devices, predicted Mike Jude, a program director at the Stratecast service of Frost & Sullivan. Services such as those Microsoft introduced play into that.

"What we've had so far is the data age," Jude told TechNewsWorld. "We've learned how to generate and store data -- but so far, automation hasn't been able to turn that into information, which is data in context. That's why you need cognitive computing, machine learning and heuristics, and stuff like that."

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